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1 возрождать интерес
Русско-английский синонимический словарь > возрождать интерес
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2 оживлять интерес
1) General subject: revive an interest2) Mass media: perk up interest, revive interest, spark interest -
3 оживить интерес
General subject: revive interest in (к чему-л.) -
4 resurgir
v.1 to reappear, to re-emerge, to come back, to reemerge.2 to come back to.Nos resurgió la esperanza Hope came back to us.* * *1 (volver a aparecer) to reappear2 (revivir) to revive* * *verb* * *VI1) (=reaparecer) to reappear, revive2) (Med) to recover* * *verbo intransitivo to reemerge* * *= revival, re-emerge [reemerge], get + a second wind.Ex. A sharp revival of printing took place during the 2nd half of the 18th century.Ex. In recent years the idea has re-emerged and is attracting interest from both public and private sectors.Ex. Although you may get a second wind with the rising of the sun, the longer you stay up, the more your condition deteriorates.----* nuevo resurgir = second wind.* * *verbo intransitivo to reemerge* * *= revival, re-emerge [reemerge], get + a second wind.Ex: A sharp revival of printing took place during the 2nd half of the 18th century.
Ex: In recent years the idea has re-emerged and is attracting interest from both public and private sectors.Ex: Although you may get a second wind with the rising of the sun, the longer you stay up, the more your condition deteriorates.* nuevo resurgir = second wind.* * *resurgir [I7 ]viresurge el interés por estos temas interest in these subjects is reviving, there is a resurgence of interest in these subjectseste espíritu resurge en tiempos de crisis this spirit re-emerges o reappears in times of crisistras dos temporadas desastrosas resurgen los Pumas after two disastrous seasons the Pumas are making a comeback o are bouncing back* * *
resurgir ( conjugate resurgir) verbo intransitivo
to reemerge
resurgir verbo intransitivo to reappear, reemerge
' resurgir' also found in these entries:
English:
resurge
- revive
- reemerge
- return
* * *resurgir viel equipo ha resurgido tras una mala racha the team has bounced back o returned to form after a bad spell o Br patch;el movimiento pacifista resurgió con fuerza en aquella década the pacifist movement experienced a major resurgence during that decade;la empresa ha resurgido de sus cenizas the company has risen from the ashes;han resurgido los combates en la frontera there have been renewed outbreaks of fighting along the border* * *v/i reappear, come back* * *resurgir {35} vi: to reappear, to revive -
5 despertar
m.1 awakening.El despertar de sus sentidos fue lento The awakening of his senses was slow2 emergence.v.1 to wake (up) (persona, animal).despiértame a la seis, por favor could you wake me (up) at six, please?2 to arouse.despertar odio/pasión to arouse hatred/passionel ejercicio me despierta el apetito exercise gives me an appetitedespertar a alguien las ganas de hacer algo to make somebody want to do somethingSu belleza despertó su pasión Her beauty aroused his passion.3 to revive, to awaken (recuerdo).esta canción despierta en mí buenos recuerdos this song brings back happy memories4 to wake up, to arouse, to awaken, to awake.El ruido despertó a Ricardo The noise woke up Richard.Elsa amaneció Elsa woke up..* * *1 to wake, wake up, awaken2 (apetito) to whet1 to wake up, awake1 to wake up, awake* * *verb1) to arouse2) awaken, wake•* * *1. VT1) [del sueño] to wake, wake up, awaken liter2) (=recordar, incitar) [+ esperanzas] to raise; [+ recuerdo] to revive; [+ sentimiento] to arouse2.VISee:* * *1.verbo transitivoa) < persona> to wake, wake... upb) <sentimientos/pasiones> to arouse; < apetito> to whet; < recuerdos> to evoke; < interés> to awaken, stir up2.despertar via) ( del sueño) to wake (up); ( de la anestesia) to come roundb) (liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up to3.despertarse v prona) ( del sueño) to wake (up)b) ( espabilarse) to wake (oneself) up* * *= arouse, awakening, spark off, wake up, awaken, awake, rouse, stir up, incite, beckon forth.Ex. The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.Ex. Puberty, he describes as 'dreamy and sentimental' and though this may seem a far cry from the teenagers we would recognize that adolescence brings an awakening of emotions, idealism and commitment to a romantic ideal.Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.Ex. I do anticipate, however, that we will wake up sooner or later to this enormous competitive threat.Ex. In the beginning it does not matter what kind of literature causes this to happen; the great thing is that the critical sense has been awakened.Ex. Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.Ex. The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.Ex. Our academic curriculum and is designed to stimulate, challenge, and beckon forth the best from each student.----* despertar a la realidad = wake up to + reality, wake up to + the realities.* despertar de = jolt out of.* despertar dudas = stir + doubts.* despertar el deseo = arouse + hunger.* despertar el entusiasmo = capture + the imagination, work up + an enthusiasm.* despertar el hambre = work up + an appetite.* despertar el interés = provoke + interest, stimulate + interest, stir + interest, whet + the appetite, heighten + interest, rouse + interest, capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, work up + an interest, pique + interest.* despertar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.* despertar entusiasmo = arouse + enthusiasm.* despertar interés = arouse + interest, attract + interest, raise + interest, spark + interest.* despertar interés por = kindle + interest in.* despertar la atención = arouse + attention, give + wake-up call.* despertar la curiosidad = arouse + curiosity, provoke + curiosity, spark + curiosity, excite + attention, excite + curiosity, pique + curiosity, stir + Posesivo + curiosity.* despertar la imaginación = fire + the imagination.* despertar la motivación = spark + motivation.* despertar la sed = work up + a thirst.* despertar las emociones = stir + emotions.* despertar la sensibilidad = release + feelings.* despertar pasión = ignite + passion.* despertarse = get on + the ball.* despertarse con = wake up to.* despertarse de = rouse from.* despertarse sobresaltado = startle awake.* despertarse sorprendido = startle awake.* despertar sospechas = stir + suspicion, arouse + suspicion.* despertar un sentimiento de = stir + a sense of.* destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.* duro despertar = rude awakening.* tener un duro despertar = rude awakening + be in store.* volver a despertar = reawaken [re-awaken].* * *1.verbo transitivoa) < persona> to wake, wake... upb) <sentimientos/pasiones> to arouse; < apetito> to whet; < recuerdos> to evoke; < interés> to awaken, stir up2.despertar via) ( del sueño) to wake (up); ( de la anestesia) to come roundb) (liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up to3.despertarse v prona) ( del sueño) to wake (up)b) ( espabilarse) to wake (oneself) up* * *= arouse, awakening, spark off, wake up, awaken, awake, rouse, stir up, incite, beckon forth.Ex: The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.
Ex: Puberty, he describes as 'dreamy and sentimental' and though this may seem a far cry from the teenagers we would recognize that adolescence brings an awakening of emotions, idealism and commitment to a romantic ideal.Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.Ex: I do anticipate, however, that we will wake up sooner or later to this enormous competitive threat.Ex: In the beginning it does not matter what kind of literature causes this to happen; the great thing is that the critical sense has been awakened.Ex: Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.Ex: The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.Ex: The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.Ex: Our academic curriculum and is designed to stimulate, challenge, and beckon forth the best from each student.* despertar a la realidad = wake up to + reality, wake up to + the realities.* despertar de = jolt out of.* despertar dudas = stir + doubts.* despertar el deseo = arouse + hunger.* despertar el entusiasmo = capture + the imagination, work up + an enthusiasm.* despertar el hambre = work up + an appetite.* despertar el interés = provoke + interest, stimulate + interest, stir + interest, whet + the appetite, heighten + interest, rouse + interest, capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, work up + an interest, pique + interest.* despertar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.* despertar entusiasmo = arouse + enthusiasm.* despertar interés = arouse + interest, attract + interest, raise + interest, spark + interest.* despertar interés por = kindle + interest in.* despertar la atención = arouse + attention, give + wake-up call.* despertar la curiosidad = arouse + curiosity, provoke + curiosity, spark + curiosity, excite + attention, excite + curiosity, pique + curiosity, stir + Posesivo + curiosity.* despertar la imaginación = fire + the imagination.* despertar la motivación = spark + motivation.* despertar la sed = work up + a thirst.* despertar las emociones = stir + emotions.* despertar la sensibilidad = release + feelings.* despertar pasión = ignite + passion.* despertarse = get on + the ball.* despertarse con = wake up to.* despertarse de = rouse from.* despertarse sobresaltado = startle awake.* despertarse sorprendido = startle awake.* despertar sospechas = stir + suspicion, arouse + suspicion.* despertar un sentimiento de = stir + a sense of.* destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.* duro despertar = rude awakening.* tener un duro despertar = rude awakening + be in store.* volver a despertar = reawaken [re-awaken].* * *vt1 ‹persona› to wake, wake … updespiértame a las ocho wake me (up) at eight o'clock2 ‹sentimientos/pasiones› to arouse; ‹apetito› to whet; ‹recuerdos› to evoke; ‹interés› to awaken, stir upun discurso que despertó fuertes polémicas a speech which sparked off o triggered o aroused o provoked fierce controversyesa música despierta recuerdos de mi niñez that music reminds me of my childhood o brings back o evokes memories of my childhood■ despertarvi1 (del sueño) to wake (up)todavía no ha despertado de la anestesia she hasn't come round from the anesthetic yetdespertó sobresaltado he woke (up) o ( liter) awoke with a start2 ( liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up1 (del sueño) to wake (up)se despertó de madrugada he woke (up) very early2 (espabilarse) to wake (oneself) upvoy a darme una ducha a ver si me despierto I'm going to have a shower to try to wake (myself) upawakening* * *
despertar ( conjugate despertar) verbo transitivo
‹ apetito› to whet;
‹ recuerdos› to evoke;
‹ interés› to awaken, stir up
verbo intransitivo ( del sueño) to wake (up);
( de la anestesia) to come round
despertarse verbo pronominal ( del sueño) to wake (up)
despertar
I verbo transitivo
1 to wake (up)
2 fig (un sentimiento, recuerdo) to arouse
II sustantivo masculino awakening: tiene muy mal despertar, he's always angry when he wakes up
' despertar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cerrarse
- despertarse
- escándalo
- espabilar
- grogui
- ininteligible
- umbral
- despierta
English:
arouse
- awake
- awaken
- awakening
- fire
- get up
- rouse
- roust
- stir
- stir up
- wake
- wake up
- excite
- get
- kindle
- provoke
* * *♦ vt1. [persona, animal] to wake (up);despiértame a las seis, por favor could you wake me (up) at six, please?2. [producir] [sentimientos] to arouse;[recuerdos] to bring back, to revive; [expectación] to create, to arouse; [debate, polémica] to give rise to;despertar odio/pasión to arouse hatred/passion;el ejercicio me despierta el apetito exercise gives me an appetite;despertar a alguien las ganas de hacer algo to make sb want to do sth;esta canción despierta en mí buenos recuerdos this song brings back happy memories for me♦ vi1. [dejar de dormir] to wake (up);¡despierta, que ya hemos llegado! wake up! we've arrived!;despertó de repente de su sueño she suddenly woke from her dream2. [espabilar] to wake o wise up* * *I v/t1 wake, wakenII v/i wake up* * *despertar {55} vi: to awaken, to wake updespertar vt1) : to arouse, to wake2) evocar: to elicit, to evoke* * * -
6 renacer
m.rebirth, revival.v.1 to grow again (flores, hojas).2 to return, to revive.sentirse renacer to feel reborn, to feel one has a new lease of life3 to be reborn, to be born again, to come to life again.4 to come back to, to be reborn in.Nos renació la esperanza Hope was reborn in us.* * *1 (volver a nacer) to be reborn4 figurado (fortalecerse) to revive, feel renewed* * *VI1) (=volver a nacer) to be reborn; (Bot) to reappear, come up again2) (=reavivar) to revivehoy me siento renacer — today I feel like a new person o as if I've come to life again
* * *verbo intransitivo to be rebornsintió renacer sentimientos que creía extinguidos — emotions stirred inside him which he thought were long dead
* * *= resurgence.Ex. Diet books are now more flexible, and there is a resurgence of interest in vegetarian cuisine.* * *verbo intransitivo to be rebornsintió renacer sentimientos que creía extinguidos — emotions stirred inside him which he thought were long dead
* * *= resurgence.Ex: Diet books are now more flexible, and there is a resurgence of interest in vegetarian cuisine.
* * *renacer [E3 ]vito be rebornse sintió renacer she felt rebornrenació la esperanza y siguieron luchando they felt renewed hope and continued fightingsintió renacer sentimientos que creía extinguidos he began to feel things he thought he would never feel again, feelings he thought dead began to revive in him* * *
renacer ( conjugate renacer) verbo intransitivo
to be reborn;
renacer verbo intransitivo
1 to be reborn
sentirse renacer, to feel renewed
2 (tras un accidente o enfermedad grave) to revive, come back to life
3 Bot to appear again
' renacer' also found in these entries:
English:
resurgence
- revival
- revive
- surge
* * *renacer vi1. [flores, hojas] to grow again2. [sentimiento, interés] to return, to revive;renació la esperanza de llegar a un acuerdo hopes of reaching an agreement were revived o rekindled;me siento renacer I feel reborn, I feel like I have a new lease of life;renació de sus cenizas it rose from its ashes* * *v/i figbe reborn* * *renacer {48} vi: to be reborn, to revive -
7 wach
Adj.1. präd. awake; weitS. (aufgestanden) up (and about), stirring (auch Stadt etc.); wach sein auch have woken up; wach werden wake up, awake; er ist ( morgens) nicht wach zu kriegen he won’t wake up (in the morning); jemanden wach rütteln shake s.o. awake ( oder out of his oder her sleep); fig. wake s.o. up, make s.o. sit up (and take notice); stärker: shake s.o. up; sich mühsam wach halten struggle to stay awake; die ganze Nacht wach liegen lie awake all night, not get a wink of sleep all night; jemanden wach küssen wake s.o. with a kiss2. fig.: wacher Geist lively ( oder alert) mind; waches Auge watchful eye; wache Erinnerungen vivid memories; das Andenken oder die Erinnerung an etw. wach halten keep the memory of s.th. alive; wach werden (aufmerksam) prick up one’s ears; Empfindungen etc.: be aroused; wieder wach werden Vorurteile etc.: reawaken, revive* * *awake; open-eyed* * *wạch [vax]adjawake pred; (fig = aufgeweckt) alert, wide-awake; Nacht sleepless, wakefulsich wach halten — to keep or stay awake, to keep oneself awake
See:→ auch wachhalten* * *(not asleep: Is he awake?) awake* * *[vax]1. (nicht schlafend) awake▪ \wach sein to be awake▪ \wach werden to wake up\wach bleiben to stay awakejdn \wach halten to keep sb awake\wach liegen to lie awake2. (aufgeweckt) alert, keen, sharp* * *1.1) awakedas Interesse/die Erinnerung usw. wach halten — (fig.) keep the interest/memory etc. alive
2) (aufmerksam, rege) alert <mind, eyes, etc.>; attentive < audience>; lively, keen < interest>2.adverbial alertly; attentively* * *wach adj1. präd awake; weitS. (aufgestanden) up (and about), stirring (auch Stadt etc);wach werden wake up, awake;er ist (morgens) nicht wach zu kriegen he won’t wake up (in the morning);sich mühsam wach halten struggle to stay awake;die ganze Nacht wach liegen lie awake all night, not get a wink of sleep all night;jemanden wach küssen wake sb with a kiss2. fig:wacher Geist lively ( oder alert) mind;waches Auge watchful eye;wache Erinnerungen vivid memories;wieder wach werden Vorurteile etc: reawaken, revive* * *1.1) awakedas Interesse/die Erinnerung usw. wach halten — (fig.) keep the interest/memory etc. alive
2) (aufmerksam, rege) alert <mind, eyes, etc.>; attentive < audience>; lively, keen < interest>2.adverbial alertly; attentively* * *adj.awake adj. -
8 interés
m.1 interest, concernment, regard, interestedness.2 interest, yield.* * *■ cuando crezcas verás que era por tu interés when you're older you'll realize it was for your own good2 FINANZAS interest\de gran interés very interestingir en interés de to be in the interests ofponer interés en algo to take an interest in something, put effort into somethingtener interés en to be interested ininterés compuesto compound interestinterés simple simple interestintereses creados vested interests* * *noun m.* * *SM1) (=valor) interest2) (=curiosidad) interestel tema despertó o suscitó el interés del público — the topic aroused public interest
ha seguido con gran interés la campaña electoral — he has followed the electoral campaign with great interest
•
esperar algo con interés — to await sth with interest•
mostrar interés en o por algo — to show (an) interest in sth•
poner interés en algo — to take an interest in sthsi tienes interés por el piso, todavía está a la venta — if you're interested in the flat, it's still for sale
siento auténtico interés por los idiomas — I have a real interest o I am really interested in languages
sentir o tener interés por hacer algo — to be interested in doing sth
3) (=beneficio)a) [de persona, país] interestno deberías dejarte llevar por el interés — you shouldn't let yourself be swayed by personal interest
¿qué interés tienes tú en que pierdan el partido? — what's your interest in their losing the match?
te lo digo por tu propio interés — I'm telling you for your own benefit o in your own interest
en interés del país ha renunciado a la reelección — in the interest(s) of the country he is not standing for re-election
b) (Econ) interestun préstamo a o con un interés del 9 por ciento — a loan at 9 per cent interest
mi capital me da un interés del 5,3 por ciento — my capital yields an interest of 5.3 per cent
•
devengar interés — to accrue interest, earn interestinterés devengado — accrued interest, earned interest
4) pl interesesa) (Com) interests•
un conflicto de intereses — a conflict of interests•
tener intereses en algo — to have interests o a stake in sthtiene intereses en varias compañías extranjeras — he has interests o a stake in several foreign companies
b) (=aficiones) interests¿qué intereses tienes? — what are your interests?
* * *1)a) (importancia, valor) interestde interés científico — of scientific significance o interest
b) ( actitud) interesttengo especial interés en que... — I am particularly concerned o keen that...
c) (afición, inquietud) interest2)a) (conveniencia, beneficio) interestpor tu propio interés — in your own interest, for your own good
actúa sólo por interés — he acts purely in his own interest o out of self-interest
c) intereses masculino plural (bienes, capital)tiene intereses en esa empresa — he has a stake o an interest in that company
3) (Fin) interesta or con un interés del 12% — at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%
•* * *1)a) (importancia, valor) interestde interés científico — of scientific significance o interest
b) ( actitud) interesttengo especial interés en que... — I am particularly concerned o keen that...
c) (afición, inquietud) interest2)a) (conveniencia, beneficio) interestpor tu propio interés — in your own interest, for your own good
actúa sólo por interés — he acts purely in his own interest o out of self-interest
c) intereses masculino plural (bienes, capital)tiene intereses en esa empresa — he has a stake o an interest in that company
3) (Fin) interesta or con un interés del 12% — at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%
•* * *interés11 = appeal, appetite, concern, focus, involvement, interest, knowledge interest, piquancy, penchant, pursuit, topicality.Ex: Indeed, if they are not successful in finding ways of renewing their original purpose and appeal, they are on their way to dissolution and displacement.
Ex: We need to know what and how consumers' information appetites have changed.Ex: The use of agents is necessary but not ideal, because an agent often represents rival concerns, and aims for a quick turnover rather than long-term profitability.Ex: Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.Ex: Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.Ex: An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.Ex: Phenomenography is an approach that builds on phenomenological and hermeneutic traditions; its knowledge interest is to describe the varying conceptions held within a specific group about a phenomenon = La fenomenografía es un método que parte de las tradicionaes fenomenológicas y hermenéuticas; su interés es describir las diversas concepciones que un grupo concreto tiene sobre un fenómeno.Ex: Young was a man of singular eccentricity and piquancy of character, a person who was very interesting in his own right.Ex: Our penchant to organize is perhaps as close to a biological imperative as any form of human behavior is likely to come.Ex: What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.Ex: This year, the event is gaining topicality because of the EU enlargement.* actuar en defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotec = library advocacy.* adaptarse a un interés = accommodate + interest.* ámbito de interés = sphere of interest.* ampliar el interés = broaden + interest.* aprovecharse del interés general por Algo = exploit + appeal.* área de interés = field of interest.* atraer el interés = capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, draw + interest.* atraer el interés de = catch + the imagination of.* caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.* caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.* campo de interés = sphere of interest.* captar el interés = capture + the imagination, capture + the interest.* captar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.* coincidir con los intereses de uno = match + interests.* combinar intereses = bridge + interests.* conflicto de intereses = conflict of interest(s), competing interests.* con intereses ocultos = agenda-laden.* con intereses propios = self-interested.* conjunto de intereses = set of interests.* Consejo Internacional de Museos y Lugares de Interés (ICOMS) = International Council of Museums and Sites (ICOMOS).* constatar el interés = gauge + interest.* con un interés en = with a stake in.* crear interés = build + interest.* dar interés = spice up, add + spice.* debate por tema de interés = breakout discussion.* defender los intereses = defend + interests, lobby for + interests.* defender los intereses de = go to + bat for, bat for.* defensa de intereses = lobbying.* defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.* defensor de los intereses del ciudadano = watchdog.* de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.* de intereses similares = of like interest.* de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.* de interés humano = human interest.* de interés periodístico = newsworthy.* despertar el interés = provoke + interest, stimulate + interest, stir + interest, whet + the appetite, heighten + interest, rouse + interest, capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, work up + an interest, pique + interest.* despertar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.* despertar interés = arouse + interest, attract + interest, raise + interest, spark + interest.* despertar interés por = kindle + interest in.* destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.* dirigir los intereses de uno = break into.* el interés público = the public interest.* en interés de = in the interest(s) of.* esperar con interés (+ Infinitivo), = look forward to (+ Gerundio).* estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.* estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.* expresión de interés = application.* falta de interés por cooperar = unresponsiveness.* foco de interés = focus of interest, focus of concern, focus of attention.* fomentar el interés = raise + interest, foster + interest, foster + interest.* fomentar interés = build + interest.* generar interés = generate + interest.* grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.* grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.* guiado por intereses propios = interest-determined.* hacer que pierda el interés = take + the shine off things.* institución de interés histórico = heritage institution.* institución de interés histórico y cultural = cultural heritage institution.* interés cada vez mayor = growing interest.* interés + centrarse en = interest + lie with.* interés comercial = business interest, commercial interest.* interés común = shared interest.* interés creado = vested interest.* interés + decaer = interest + flag.* interés económico = economic interest.* intereses = breadth of interests.* intereses comerciales = market forces, marketplace forces.* intereses comunes = common ground, community of interest.* intereses contrapuestos = conflicting interests.* intereses cotidianos = life interests.* intereses de lectura = reading interests.* intereses encontrados = competing interests.* intereses ocultos = hidden agenda.* interés general = public interest.* interés pasajero = passing interest.* interés periodístico = newsworthiness.* interés personal = vested interest, self-interest, axe + to grind, personal interest.* interés por ganar dinero = profit motive.* interés por los libros = awareness of books.* interés público = public interest.* interés renovado = renewed interest.* ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.* lleno de interés = solicitously.* lugar de interés = attraction, sight.* lugares de interés = sights.* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.* material documental de interés para los vecinos del barrio = community literature.* máximo interés = maximum interest.* mostrar interés = mark + interest.* mostrar interés en = show + interest in.* mostrar interés por = express + interest in.* motivado por intereses propios = interest-based.* mucho interés = keen interest.* muestra de interés = expression of interest.* no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.* noticias diarias de interés = daily news alerts.* objeto de interés = object of interest.* ordenación topográfica según los intereses del lector = reader interest arrangement.* para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.* perder el interés = pall.* perder interés = lapse, lose + interest.* perfil de interés = subject interest.* perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.* perjudicar los intereses = prejudice + interests.* por interés = out of interest.* por interés personal = self-interested.* profundizar el interés = deepen + interest.* promover un interés = promote + interest.* proyección de cuestiones de interés = issues management.* punto de interés = point of interest.* quitar el interés = take + the shine off things.* renovado interés = upsurge.* resumen de interés = highlight abstract.* reunión por temas de interés = breakout session.* según los intereses personales de cada uno = interest-based.* ser de interés para = be of interest (to/for).* servir los intereses = serve + interests.* sesión por tema de interés = breakout session.* sin interés = unexciting, uninteresting, unmoving, vapid.* tarea falta de interés = chore.* tema de interés = area of concern, area of enquiry [area of inquiry], area of interest, focus area, issue of concern, topic of interest.* temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.* temas de interés particular = particular concerns.* tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.* tener intereses en juego = have + invested.* tener interés por = have + an interest in.* tener interés por = be interested in.* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.* tener un interés muy personal en = have + a stake in, hold + a stake in.* tomarse interés por = take + an interest in.interés22 = interest, rate, interest charge.Ex: Repayments is normally by equal half-yearly payments of capital and interest after a moratorium on capital repayments of up to five years, depending on project completion date.
Ex: The EIB is able to borrow money at the best possible rates, and as it is non-profit making it is able to offer loans at advantageous terms.Ex: And, most importantly, even if a company makes a loss, it still has to pay its interest charges.* interés bancario = interest rate.* interés compuesto = compound interest.* intereses del capital = capital charges.* interés fijo = fixed interest.* interés simple = simple interest.* pago de los intereses = interest payment.* recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.* reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.* subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.* tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.* tipo de interés preferente = base rate, prime rate.* * *A1 (importancia, valor) interestde interés turístico of interest to touristsun tema de interés humano a human interest storyun descubrimiento de enorme interés científico a discovery of enormous scientific significance o importanceuna anécdota sin ningún interés an anecdote of little or no interest2 (actitud) interestel anuncio despertó or suscitó el interés de todos the advertisement aroused everyone's interestcon gran interés with great interestinterés EN algo interest IN sthpon más interés en tus estudios take more interest in your schoolworktengo especial interés en que esto se resuelva pronto I am particularly concerned o keen that this should be resolved quicklytienen gran interés en probarlo they are very interested in testing it3 (afición, inquietud) interestla fotografía se cuenta entre sus muchos intereses photography is one of her many interestsB1 (conveniencia, beneficio) interestpor tu propio interés in your own interest, for your own good o benefitlas mejoras van en interés de todos the improvements are in everyone's interestactúa sólo por interés he acts purely out of self-interest o in his own interesthabía un conflicto de intereses there was a conflict of interests(bienes, capital): tiene intereses en varias empresas he has a stake o an interest in several companiesun contable administra sus intereses an accountant looks after her investmentsCompuestos:mpl vested interests (pl)mpl private interests (pl)el interés público the public interestC ( Fin) interestun préstamo a or con un interés del 12% a loan at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%pagan unos intereses muy altos or un interés muy alto they pay very high interest o very high rates of interestdevengar or ganar intereses to earn interesttipo de interés rate of interestCompuestos:compound interestsimple interest* * *
interés sustantivo masculino
1 ( en general) interest;
pon más interés en tus estudios take more interest in your schoolwork;
tengo especial interés en que … I am particularly concerned o keen that …;
tienen gran interés en verlo they are very interested in seeing it;
por tu propio interés in your own interest, for your own good;
actúa solo por interés he acts purely in his own interest o out of self-interest;
conflicto de intereses conflict of interests
2 (Fin) interest;
a or con un interés del 12% at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%;
tipo de interés rate of interest
interés sustantivo masculino
1 (curiosidad) interest: tienes que poner más interés en ello, you must take more interest in it
tengo interés en/por viajar a Perú, I'm interested in travelling to Peru
2 (importancia) esta película carece de interés, this movie lacks interest
no ha sucedido nada de interés, nothing interesting has happened
3 (provecho personal) self-interest: te llama solo por interés, he phones you out of self-interest
(provecho, bien) in the interest of: lo haré en interés tuyo, I shall do it for your own good
en interés de la ciencia, for the sake of science
4 Fin interest
con un interés del 15%, at an interest rate of 15%
tipos de interés, interest rates
♦ Locuciones: perder el interés, to lose interest
con intereses, (con creces, más de lo que se recibió) with interest
' interés' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amorfa
- amorfo
- candente
- captar
- carente
- comodidad
- común
- conveniencia
- dar
- decir
- deducirse
- desgana
- desganada
- desganado
- despertarse
- desvivirse
- devengar
- entregarse
- flojedad
- hinchar
- hipotecaria
- hipotecario
- importar
- inquietud
- interesar
- interesada
- interesado
- lengua
- llamar
- menguante
- morbosa
- morboso
- pasar
- polarizar
- revelar
- solicitud
- tinta
- tipo
- ver
- abusivo
- acaparar
- anecdótico
- anual
- aparentar
- aparente
- apreciar
- atractivo
- atraer
- auténtico
- baja
English:
accrue
- active
- ax
- axe
- bear
- benefit
- capture
- conflicting
- deep
- demolish
- develop
- fire
- flag
- flat
- fluctuate
- foster
- interest
- interest rate
- keen
- keenly
- lack
- lending
- LIBOR
- pall
- pay
- prime rate
- really
- reduction
- revive
- rising
- self-interest
- send down
- show
- sight
- simple interest
- stake
- stimulate
- sustain
- vested
- wane
- yield
- bank
- concern
- fixed
- memorabilia
- pique
- purpose
- rate
- revival
- secondary
* * *1. [utilidad, valor] interest;de interés interesting;un descubrimiento de gran interés para los enfermos de sida a discovery of great signifiance to people with AIDS;una construcción de interés histórico a building of historical interest2. [curiosidad] interest;un tema de interés común a subject of interest to everyone;el hallazgo ha despertado el interés de los científicos the discovery has aroused scientists' interest;tengo interés por recorrer el centro de la ciudad I'm interested in doing a tour of the town centre;sigo con interés la polémica I'm following the debate with interest3. [esfuerzo] interest;trabajó con mucho interés en el proyecto she was an enthusiastic worker on the project;poner interés en algo to take a real interest in sth;tienes que poner más interés en los estudios you must show a bit more interest in your schoolwork4. [conveniencia, provecho] interest;una obra de interés general o [m5] público a construction project that is in everyone's o the public interest;hacer algo por el interés de alguien, hacer algo en interés de alguien to do sth in sb's interest;tengo interés en que venga pronto it's in my interest that he should come soon;a todos nos mueve un interés común we are all motivated by a common interest5. [egoísmo] self-interest, selfishness;por interés out of selfishness;casarse por (el) interés to marry for moneyintereses creados vested interests6.intereses [aficiones] interests;entre sus intereses se cuentan el golf y la vela his interests include golf and sailing7.intereses [económicos] interests;los intereses españoles en Latinoamérica Spanish interests in Latin America;tiene intereses en una empresa del sector he has interests o a stake in a company in that sector;su hermana administra sus intereses her sister looks after her financial interests8. Fin interest;un préstamo con un interés del 5 por ciento a loan at 5 percent interest;interés a corto/largo plazo short-/long-term interest;interés acumulable cumulative interest;interés compuesto compound interest;intereses de demora penalty interest [for late payment];interés devengado accrued o earned interest;interés interbancario interbank deposit rate;interés de mora penalty interest [for late payment];interés preferencial preferential interest rate;interés simple simple interest;intereses vencidos interest due* * *m1 interest2 COM interest;sin interés interest free3 despself-interest4:* * ** * *interés n interesten esta cuenta obtendrás un interés del 5% you'll get 5% interest from this accounttener interés en/por hacer algo to be keen to do something -
9 risvegliare
risvegliarsi fig reawaken* * *risvegliare v.tr.1 to awake*, to awaken, to wake* (up), to rouse: fui risvegliato dal rumore di un'automobile, I was woken (o roused) by the noise of a car2 (fig.) to awake*, to awaken, to rouse, to revive: vorrei risvegliare il suo interesse su questo soggetto, I should like to awake his interest in this subject; risvegliare la memoria, to revive the memory; risvegliare ricordi, to stir up (o to rouse) memories; risvegliare vecchie passioni, to stir up (o to rouse o to wake) old passions.◘ risvegliarsi v.intr.pron.1 to wake* (up), to rouse (up): mi risvegliai da un sonno agitato, I woke out of (o from) a troubled sleep; quando si risvegliò era troppo tardi, when he woke up it was too late // la natura si risveglia in primavera, nature wakes (o comes to life) in spring2 (fig.) to revive, to be (a)roused: i miei antichi dubbi si risvegliarono, my old doubts were roused; la sua gelosia si risvegliò, his jealousy was aroused afresh; il suo coraggio si risvegliò, his courage revived.* * *[rizveʎ'ʎare]1. vt(gen) to wake up, waken(
fig : dall'inerzia) risvegliare qn (da) — to rouse sb (from), (fig : interesse) to stir up, arouse, (curiosità) to arouse2. vip (risvegliarsi)to wake up, awaken, (fig : interesse, curiosità) to be aroused* * *[rizveʎ'ʎare] 1.verbo transitivo1) (svegliare) to wake* (up), to awake*, to awakenrisvegliare qcn. dal sonno — to arouse sb. from sleep
2) fig. to reawaken, to rouse [entusiasmo, interesse]; to awake*, to awaken [paura, sospetto]; to wake*, to call up [ ricordo]; to wake*, to stir up [ sensazioni]2.verbo pronominale risvegliarsi1) (svegliarsi) to wake* (up), to awake*, to awaken2) (riprendere conoscenza) to come* to life, to regain consciousness* * *risvegliare/rizveλ'λare/ [1]1 (svegliare) to wake* (up), to awake*, to awaken; risvegliare qcn. dal sonno to arouse sb. from sleep2 fig. to reawaken, to rouse [entusiasmo, interesse]; to awake*, to awaken [paura, sospetto]; to wake*, to call up [ ricordo]; to wake*, to stir up [ sensazioni]II risvegliarsi verbo pronominale1 (svegliarsi) to wake* (up), to awake*, to awaken2 (riprendere conoscenza) to come* to life, to regain consciousness -
10 comenzar de nuevo
(v.) = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh startEx. It would be better to revive and rejuvenate the library while it is still alive thant to let it die and then have to start all over again.Ex. 'Well,' recommenced the young librarian, buoyed up by the director's interest, 'I believe that everybody is a good employee until they prove differently to me'.Ex. These courses give the student who has failed a second chance to make new start.Ex. I can appreciate the frustration, annoyance, irritation, aggravation, and exasperation of having to start over.Ex. In any event, first-time failed entrepreneurs should be given the opportunity to make a fresh start (except in cases of dishonesty).* * *(v.) = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh startEx: It would be better to revive and rejuvenate the library while it is still alive thant to let it die and then have to start all over again.
Ex: 'Well,' recommenced the young librarian, buoyed up by the director's interest, 'I believe that everybody is a good employee until they prove differently to me'.Ex: These courses give the student who has failed a second chance to make new start.Ex: I can appreciate the frustration, annoyance, irritation, aggravation, and exasperation of having to start over.Ex: In any event, first-time failed entrepreneurs should be given the opportunity to make a fresh start (except in cases of dishonesty). -
11 economía
f.1 economy, saving, sparingness, thrift.2 economics.* * *1 (administración) economy2 (ciencia) economics3 (ahorro) economy, saving4 (moderación) economy, thrift, thriftiness1 savings\hacer economías to economizeeconomía de libre mercado free market economyeconomía de mercado market economyeconomía doméstica housekeepingeconomía sumergida black economy* * *noun f.1) economy2) economics* * *SF1) [gen] economyeconomía de libre empresa, economía de libre mercado — free-market economy
economía doméstica — domestic service, home economics
economía subterránea, economía sumergida — underground economy, black economy
2) (=estudio) economics sing3) (=ahorro) economy, savinghacer economías — to make economies, economize
4) (tb: (Ministerio de) Economía (y Hacienda)) Ministry of Finance, Treasury Department (EEUU)* * *1) ( ciencia) economics2) ( de país) economy3) ( ahorro)con economía de palabras — succinctly o concisely
4) (de persona, familia) finances (pl)* * *= economics, economy [economies, pl.], saving, inexpensiveness, thrift.Ex. The social sciences class, 300, subsumes economics, Politics, Law and Education.Ex. In the interest of economy, and in order to avoid an overcomplex catalogue these rules recommend selective use of added entries.Ex. Instead, a large scale saving of index entries is achieved by producing a general or blanket reference in some such form as the following: DICTIONARIES See names of individual subjects.Ex. Applications of bibliographic data conversion warrant serious consideration given their availability and inexpensiveness.Ex. With his interest in the process of making something, the craftsman embodies the traditional work ethic, with his respect for people and his concern for quality and thrift.----* controlar la economía = control + the purse strings.* economía agrícola = agricultural economy.* economía avanzada = advanced economy.* economía basada en el conocimiento = knowledge driven economy.* economía de gestión = managerial economics.* economía de la información = information economy.* economía del conocimiento = knowledge economy.* economía de mercado = market economy, market economics.* economía de negocios = managerial economics.* economía de subsistencia = subsistence economy.* economía electrónica = e-economy (electronic economy), e-conomy (electronic economy).* economía emergente = emerging economy.* economía empresarial = business economics, managerial economics.* economía en vías de desarrollo = transitional economy, developing economy.* economía gerencial = managerial economics.* economía internacional = international economy.* economía mundial, la = world economy, the.* economía personal = personal finance.* economía rural = rural economy.* economia sumergida = informal economy, underground economy.* estimular la economía = stimulate + the economy, spur + the economy.* incentivar la economía = stimulate + the economy.* inyectar dinero en la economía = pump + money into the economy.* Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda = Lord Chancellor's Office.* Ministro de Economía = Chancellor of the Exchequer.* prensa de economía, la = business press, the.* * *1) ( ciencia) economics2) ( de país) economy3) ( ahorro)con economía de palabras — succinctly o concisely
4) (de persona, familia) finances (pl)* * *= economics, economy [economies, pl.], saving, inexpensiveness, thrift.Ex: The social sciences class, 300, subsumes economics, Politics, Law and Education.
Ex: In the interest of economy, and in order to avoid an overcomplex catalogue these rules recommend selective use of added entries.Ex: Instead, a large scale saving of index entries is achieved by producing a general or blanket reference in some such form as the following: DICTIONARIES See names of individual subjects.Ex: Applications of bibliographic data conversion warrant serious consideration given their availability and inexpensiveness.Ex: With his interest in the process of making something, the craftsman embodies the traditional work ethic, with his respect for people and his concern for quality and thrift.* controlar la economía = control + the purse strings.* economía agrícola = agricultural economy.* economía avanzada = advanced economy.* economía basada en el conocimiento = knowledge driven economy.* economía de gestión = managerial economics.* economía de la información = information economy.* economía del conocimiento = knowledge economy.* economía de mercado = market economy, market economics.* economía de negocios = managerial economics.* economía de subsistencia = subsistence economy.* economía electrónica = e-economy (electronic economy), e-conomy (electronic economy).* economía emergente = emerging economy.* economía empresarial = business economics, managerial economics.* economía en vías de desarrollo = transitional economy, developing economy.* economía gerencial = managerial economics.* economía internacional = international economy.* economía mundial, la = world economy, the.* economía personal = personal finance.* economía rural = rural economy.* economia sumergida = informal economy, underground economy.* estimular la economía = stimulate + the economy, spur + the economy.* incentivar la economía = stimulate + the economy.* inyectar dinero en la economía = pump + money into the economy.* Ministerio de Economía y Hacienda = Lord Chancellor's Office.* Ministro de Economía = Chancellor of the Exchequer.* prensa de economía, la = business press, the.* * *A (ciencia) economicsCompuestos:health economicshome economics, domestic sciencepolitical economyB (de un país) economyuna economía floreciente/débil/en desarrollo a flourishing/weak/developing economyCompuestos:free market economyknowledge economymarket economyplanned o controlled economytiger economyblack economymixed economyblack economyplanned economyC(ahorro): tenemos que hacer economías we have to make economies o to economize o to save money o to make savingses una falsa economía it's a false economyexpresó sus ideas con economía de palabras she expressed her ideas succinctly o conciselyCompuesto:fpl economies of scaleD (de una persona, familia) finances (pl)* * *
economía sustantivo femenino
c) ( ahorro):
economía sustantivo femenino
1 economy: la economía del país ha empeorado, the economy has gone into decline
2 (rama del saber) economics
3 (de tiempo, esfuerzo, etc) economy, saving: arregló toda su casa con una gran economía de medios, he did up the house as cheaply as he could
Fíjate en la diferencia entre economics, ciencias económicas, y economy, economía en sentido general: economía sumergida, black economy; economía de mercado, market economy.
' economía' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cartera
- de
- económica
- económico
- enfriar
- ministra
- ministro
- resurgimiento
- salud
- sanear
- saneada
- saneado
- saneamiento
- sangría
- activar
- anquilosado
- anquilosarse
- boyante
- crecer
- débil
- debilitar
- frágil
- informal
- levantar
- paralizar
- regir
English:
backbone
- bounce back
- chancellor
- economics
- economy
- growth
- head
- healthy
- pick up
- plan
- rally
- revitalize
- revival
- revive
- slump
- strength
- strong
- trading nation
- upturn
- weak
- domestic
- financial
- grow
- road
- thrift
* * *economía nf1. [actividad productiva] economy;la economía mundial the global o world economyeconomía capitalista capitalist economy;economía dirigida command economy;economía doméstica housekeeping;economía de empresa enterprise economy;Am economía informal black economy;economía de libre empresa enterprise economy;economía de libre mercado free-market economy;economía de mercado market economy;economía mixta mixed economy;economía planificada planned economy;economía social de mercado social market economy;economía socialista socialist economy;economía de subsistencia subsistence economy;economía sumergida black economy, hidden2. [ciencia, estudio] economics [singular]economía aplicada applied economics;economía de empresas business economics;economía familiar home economics;economía política political economy3. [situación económica] [de persona, familia] finances4. [ahorro] saving;por economía de espacio to save space;hacer algo con gran economía de medios to do sth with the optimum use of resources;hacer economías to economize o make economieseconomía de escala economy of scale* * *f1 economy;hacer economías economize, make economies2 ciencia economics sg* * *economía nf1) : economy2) : economics* * *economía n2. (estudios) economics -
12 estimular
v.1 to encourage.2 to stimulate.El dinero estimula a los empleados Money stimulates the employees.El aroma estimula los sentidos The aroma stimulates the senses.* * *1 (animar) to encourage, stimulate2 (apetito, pasiones) to whet* * *verb1) to stimulate2) encourage* * *VT1) (=alentar) [+ persona] to encourage2) (=favorecer) [+ apetito, economía, esfuerzos, ahorro] to stimulate; [+ debate] to promote3) [+ organismo, célula] to stimulate* * *verbo transitivo1)a) clase/lectura to stimulatec) <apetito/circulación> to stimulated) ( sexualmente) to stimulate2) <inversión/ahorro> to encourage, stimulate* * *= encourage, give + a boost, prompt, provide + boost, spur, spur on, stimulate, whip up, provide + stimulus, set + Nombre + off, abet, buoy, prod, egg on, stir up, nudge, reawaken [re-awaken], kick-start [kickstart], pep up, hearten, incite.Ex. A common catalogue encourages users to regard the different information carrying media as part of range of media.Ex. CD-ROM has given the library a public relations boost but this has led to higher expectations of the library by users at a time of budgetary restraint.Ex. An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.Ex. Merely having the materials available will not provide the desired boost to the library's stature unless the collection is exceptional.Ex. Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.Ex. The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.Ex. An alertness to work in related fields may stimulate creativity in disseminating ideas from one field of study to another, for both the researcher and the manager.Ex. The ALA and some of its members seem to have taken in upon themselves to whip up a frenzy of public relations style fantasy that market reality simply cannot match.Ex. The effort involved in creating an hospitable niche is repaid by the stimulus such courses provide to staff members.Ex. This local tale could have been used to set me and my classmates off on a search for other similar stories that litter the area up and down the east coast of Britain.Ex. This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.Ex. 'Well,' recommenced the young librarian, buoyed up by the director's interest, 'I believe that everybody is a good employee until they prove differently to me'.Ex. Science Citation Index (SCI) depends for intellectual content entirely on citations by authors, who are sometimes prodded by editors and referees.Ex. In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.Ex. By the 1980s, leftist philosophies had fallen into disfavor, & globalization & neoliberalism nudged the unions to seek other alliances.Ex. The first weeks are vital, and after that the shop must be constantly on the lookout for ways of stimulating further interest and re-awakening those who lapse.Ex. Shock tactics are sometimes necessary in order to expose injustice and kick-start the process of reform.Ex. Soccer ace David Beckham has started wearing mystical hippy beads to pep up his sex life.Ex. We are heartened by the fact that we are still so far a growth story in the midst of this global challenge.Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.----* estimular el debate = provoke + discussion, prompt + discussion, pepper + debate.* estimular el desarrollo de = stimulate + the development of.* estimular la economía = stimulate + the economy, spur + the economy.* estimular la imaginación = spark + imagination.* * *verbo transitivo1)a) clase/lectura to stimulatec) <apetito/circulación> to stimulated) ( sexualmente) to stimulate2) <inversión/ahorro> to encourage, stimulate* * *= encourage, give + a boost, prompt, provide + boost, spur, spur on, stimulate, whip up, provide + stimulus, set + Nombre + off, abet, buoy, prod, egg on, stir up, nudge, reawaken [re-awaken], kick-start [kickstart], pep up, hearten, incite.Ex: A common catalogue encourages users to regard the different information carrying media as part of range of media.
Ex: CD-ROM has given the library a public relations boost but this has led to higher expectations of the library by users at a time of budgetary restraint.Ex: An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.Ex: Merely having the materials available will not provide the desired boost to the library's stature unless the collection is exceptional.Ex: Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.Ex: The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.Ex: An alertness to work in related fields may stimulate creativity in disseminating ideas from one field of study to another, for both the researcher and the manager.Ex: The ALA and some of its members seem to have taken in upon themselves to whip up a frenzy of public relations style fantasy that market reality simply cannot match.Ex: The effort involved in creating an hospitable niche is repaid by the stimulus such courses provide to staff members.Ex: This local tale could have been used to set me and my classmates off on a search for other similar stories that litter the area up and down the east coast of Britain.Ex: This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.Ex: 'Well,' recommenced the young librarian, buoyed up by the director's interest, 'I believe that everybody is a good employee until they prove differently to me'.Ex: Science Citation Index (SCI) depends for intellectual content entirely on citations by authors, who are sometimes prodded by editors and referees.Ex: In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.Ex: The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.Ex: By the 1980s, leftist philosophies had fallen into disfavor, & globalization & neoliberalism nudged the unions to seek other alliances.Ex: The first weeks are vital, and after that the shop must be constantly on the lookout for ways of stimulating further interest and re-awakening those who lapse.Ex: Shock tactics are sometimes necessary in order to expose injustice and kick-start the process of reform.Ex: Soccer ace David Beckham has started wearing mystical hippy beads to pep up his sex life.Ex: We are heartened by the fact that we are still so far a growth story in the midst of this global challenge.Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.* estimular el debate = provoke + discussion, prompt + discussion, pepper + debate.* estimular el desarrollo de = stimulate + the development of.* estimular la economía = stimulate + the economy, spur + the economy.* estimular la imaginación = spark + imagination.* * *estimular [A1 ]vtA1 «clase/lectura» to stimulate2 (alentar) to encouragehay que estimularla para que trabaje she needs encouraging to get her to workgritaban para estimular a su equipo they cheered their team on, they shouted encouragement to their team3 ‹apetito› to whet, stimulate; ‹circulación› to stimulate4 (sexualmente) to stimulateB ‹inversión/ahorro› to encourage, stimulate* * *
estimular ( conjugate estimular) verbo transitivo
estimular verbo transitivo
1 (dar ánimos) to encourage
2 (potenciar, activar) to stimulate
' estimular' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
animar
- impulsar
English:
animate
- drum up
- fuel
- stimulate
- stir
- work up
- boost
- promote
- revitalize
- revive
- spur
- whet
* * *estimular vt1. [animar] to encourage;el orgullo le estimula a seguir his pride spurs him to go on2. [incitar] to encourage, to urge on;la muchedumbre lo estimuló con gritos the crowd shouted him on3. [excitar sexualmente] to stimulate4. [activar] [apetito] to stimulate, to whet;[circulación, economía] to stimulate; [ventas, inversión] to stimulate, to encourage* * *v/t1 stimulate2 ( animar) encourage* * *estimular vt1) : to stimulate2) : to encourage* * *estimular vb1. (activar) to stimulate2. (animar) to encourage -
13 renovo
rĕ-nŏvo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to renew, restore (class., esp. in the trop. sense; syn.: instauro, redintegro).I.Lit.: marc fontes assidue renovant, Lucr. 2, 591; cf.:* 2.quibus (vaporibus) altae renovataeque stellae atque omnis aether refundunt eodem,
Cic. N. D. 2, 46, 118:Lucifer renovatus undā Oceani,
Sil. 7, 639:vides Virtutis templum a M. Marcello renovatum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 61:VIAS ET MILLIARIA,
Inscr. Orell. 905:renovare veteres colonias,
Cic. Agr. 2, 13, 34:vitem,
Col. 4, 27, 6:durum arvum,
to renew by ploughing, Ov. M. 15, 125:agrum aratro,
id. Tr. 5, 12, 23; id. F. 1, 159:meus renovatur campus aratris,
id. Am. 1, 3, 9:multa jugera (tauri),
Tib. 3, 3, 5; but also, to restore by not cultivating, to let lie fallow:agrum,
Ov. M. 1, 110:sedeat praeterea cottidie ad rationes, tabulasque testamenti omnibus renovet,
retouch, change, alter before everybody, Petr. 117, 10.— Poet.:(Ulixem) veteres arcus leto renovasse procorum,
i. e. used again, Prop. 3, 12 (4, 11), 35.— Absol.:non si Neptuni fluctu renovare operam des (sc.: purpureum colorem conchyli),
to restore, Lucr. 6, 1076.—In partic., in business lang., to renew or redouble interest, i. e. to take interest on interest, take compound interest:II.Scaptius centesimis renovato in singulos annos faenore, contentus non fuit,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 5; cf. renovatio, I. 2.—Trop., to renew, restore:B.periculum sit, ne instauratas maximi belli reliquias ac renovatas audiamus,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:scelus renovare et instaurare,
id. Verr. 1, 4, 11:institutum,
id. Div. in Caecil. 21, 68:vetus exemplum,
id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; cf.:veterem iram,
Tac. H. 4, 36:veterem animi curam molestiamque,
Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 1:nolo eam rem commemorando renovare,
id. Quint. 21, 70:infandum, regina, jubes renovare dolorem,
Verg. A. 2, 3:memoriam prope intermortuam,
Cic. Mur. 7, 16:antiquarum cladium memoriam,
Liv. 23, 41; 22, 61:bona praeterita gratā recordatione renovata,
Cic. Fin. 1, 17, 57:haec studia,
id. Div. 2, 2, 7; cf. id. Ac. 1, 3, 11:pristina bella,
id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:bellum,
id. Fam. 4, 7, 3:belli renovandi consilium capere,
Caes. B. G. 3, 2; id. B. C. 3, 102; Sall. J. 36, 1; Liv. 2, 31; cf.proelium,
Caes. B. G. 3, 20 fin.; Sall. J. 51, 5; Ov. M. 5, 156:casus omnes,
Verg. A. 2, 750:vulnera,
to tear open, Ov. Tr. 2, 209:rursus cursum,
Caes. B. C. 3, 93:sacra rite,
Liv. 5, 18:auspicia,
id. 5, 31; 6, 5:societatem,
Cic. Fam. 12, 28, 2; cf.foedus,
Liv. 9, 43 fin.:amicitiam et societatem,
id. 34, 31:dextras,
Tac. A. 2, 58:luctus,
Tib. 2, 6, 41; Ov. M. 14, 465:lacrimas,
id. ib. 11, 472:renovata clades domūs,
Juv. 10, 243:viam doloremque,
Curt. 3, 12, 17:gaudia (with redintegrare),
Plin. Pan. 61 fin.:annos Anchisae,
i. e. to restore his youth, make him young again, Ov. M. 9, 424:senectutem,
id. ib. 7, 215:florem aetatis ex morbo,
Liv. 28, 35:annos renovaverat Titan,
Tib. 4, 1, 113. —In partic.1.To repeat in words, say again, say repeatedly:2.hic renovabo illud, quod initio dixi, regnum comparari, etc.,
Cic. Agr. 2, 10, 24; cf.:ut renovetur, non redintegretur oratio,
Auct. Her. 2, 30, 47:de lege, de foedere, etc.... renovabo ea quae dicta sunt,
Cic. Balb. 7. — With ut:(consules) ipsis tribunis (plebis) ut sacrosancti viderentur, renovarunt,
declared anew, repeated, that, Liv. 3, 55 Drak.—To renew in strength; to refresh, recreate, recover, revive (syn.:recreare, reficere): quies renovavit corpora animosque ad omnia de integro patienda,
Liv. 21, 21:animum auditoris ad ea quae restant,
Cic. Inv. 2, 15, 49:animos equitum ad alicujus odium,
id. de Or. 2, 48, 199:virtus, quae risum judicis movendo... animum aliquando reficit et a satietate vel a fatigatione renovat,
Quint. 6, 3, 1:refici atque renovari,
id. 12, 6, 6:ars variandi renovat aures,
id. 11, 3, 44:fatigata (facundia) renovatur,
id. 10, 5, 14:et virium plus afferunt ad discendum renovati ac recentes,
restored and fresh, id. 1, 3, 9:renovato modica quiete exercitu,
Liv. 36, 14:se novis opibus copiisque,
Cic. Mur. 15, 33:ipsi mihi locus optimi illius viri desiderium renovavit,
Plin. Ep. 6, 10, 1. -
14 rinfocolare
rinfocolare v.tr.1 ( riattizzare) to poke2 (fig.) ( riaccendere, fomentare) to rekindle, to kindle again, to excite again, to stir up again; to revive: il film ha rinfocolato l'interesse per la Cina, the film has revived interest in China again; rinfocolare un vecchio rancore, to stir up an old grudge.◘ rinfocolarsi v.intr.pron. to be rekindled, to revive: la sua passione si è rinfocolata, his passion has revived.* * *[rinfoko'lare] 1.verbo transitivo to foment [sth.] again, to stir up [sth.] again, to rekindle [ostilità, passione]2.verbo pronominale rinfocolarsi to rekindle (anche fig.)* * *rinfocolare/rinfoko'lare/ [1]to foment [sth.] again, to stir up [sth.] again, to rekindle [ostilità, passione]II rinfocolarsi verbo pronominaleto rekindle (anche fig.). -
15 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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16 возродить к жизни
Mathematics: inspire a renewed interest, resuscitate, revive -
17 leve
1léve et sundt liv — вести́ здоро́вый о́браз жи́зни
léve óver évne — жить не по сре́дствам
(lǽnge) léve...! — да здра́вствует...!
* * *lead, live* * *I. (et) cheer(s);[ et leve for kongen!] long live the King;[ et leve for hæren!] three cheers for the army;[ udbringe et leve for] call for three cheers for.II. vb live,( være i live) be living, be alive;[ hvordan lever De?] how are you?[ kongen leve!] long live the King;[hr. X skal leve! længe leve hr. X!] three cheers for Mr X;[ leve livet] live life fully;( nyde livet) enjoy life;(T: more sig) live it up;[ leve et elendigt liv] lead a miserable life;[ leve livet farligt] live dangerously;[ så sandt jeg lever] upon my life;[ lev vel!] goodbye!F farewell![ med præp & adv:][ leve af]( spise) live on (el. off),( om dyr) feed on;( om penge) live on ( fx his wage, very little, charity);( ernære sig ved) live by ( fx live by one's pen);[ intet at leve af] no means of subsistence;[ hverken til at leve eller dø af] not enough to keep body and soul together;[ leve af sine penge] have a private income;[ leve for] live on ( fx very little money);(fig) live for ( fx one's children, pleasure, one's work);[ han lever og ånder kun for det] it is his whole life; that is all he lives for;[ leve højt] have a good time, live on the fat of the land;[ leve højt på], se ndf: leve på;[ leve sig ind i] enter into the spirit of; identify oneself with ( fx a role); familiarize oneself with ( fx a subject);[` leve med](dvs finde sig i) live with;[ leve op igen] revive;[ leve op til] live up to ( fx one's reputation, expectations), come up to ( fx his expectations);[ leve over evne] live beyond one's means;[ leve på] live on ( fx one's memories);[ leve på en løgn] base one's life on a lie;[ leve højt på](neds: udnytte) batten on ( fx the social services);[ leve sammen] live together;[ leve sammen med] live (together) with. -
18 menghidupkan
activate* * *revive, bring to life; turn on (radio, TV, light, etc), start (engine); light (stove, lamp, etc); rekindle (interest, political party, etc) -
19 re-novō
re-novō āvī, ātum, āre, to renew, restore: Virtutis templum a Marcello renovatum: durum arvum, i. e. plough up, O.: Nec renovatus ager canebat, i. e. without cultivation, O.—In computing interest on money, to renew, reckon by rests, compound: centesimis ductis... nec perpetuis, sed renovatis quotannis: renovato in singulos annos faenore.—Fig., to renew, restore: ne belli reliquias renovatas audiamus: scelus: animi curam: dolorem, V.: antiquarum cladium memoriam, L.: bona praeterita gratā recordatione renovata: belli renovandi consilium capere, Cs.: casūs omnīs, V.: volnera, open afresh, O.: rursus cursum, Cs.: sacra rite, L.: societatem: lacrimas, O.: renovata clades domūs, Iu.: Anchisae annos, i. e. make young again, O.: ex morbo florem iuventae, L.: tribunis, ut sacrosancti viderentur, renovarunt (consules), i. e. revived the law, L.—To repeat, say again, say repeatedly: illud, quod initio dixi: de lege: renovabo ea quae dicta sunt.—To renew, refresh, recreate, restore, recover, revive: rem p.: corpora animosque ad omnia patienda, L.: animos equitum ad Caepionis odium. renovato quiete exercitu, L. -
20 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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